]ihad and dhimmitude are posited as an 'un-circumventable' alternative: two complementary institutions, and when faced with Islam, a choice between the two has to be made! This jihad still needs to be defined: there are many interpretations.

Yet this book, a sequel to the previous one, broadens considerably the perspective since it adds to the previous study of dhimmitude its alternative: the jihad. In Western eyes, it would be a sort of dark stain on the greatness and purity of Islam. Bridges for preparing the index, and to Professor A. Rice for reading and criticizing my manuscript, to Miss J. My special thanks are due to Professor Sir Hamilton Gibb, the late Professors U. For the rest, I can only express my general indebtedness to my predecessors, teachers, colleagues, and students who have all helped, in different ways, to form the view of Arab history set forth in these pages. Orientalists will recognize at once my debt to the masters, past and present, of Islamic historical studies. In a work of this nature it is not possible nor indeed desirable to acknowledge the sources of every point of fact and interpretation. Rather than compress so vast a subject into a bare outline of dates and events, I have sought to isolate and examine certain basic issues-the place of the Arabs in human history, their identity, their achievement, and the salient characteristics of the several ages of their development. THIS is not so much a history of the Arabs as an essay in interpretation.

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